A Modular Framework for Evaluating Smart Grid Communication Protocols over Mobile Networks

This paper introduces a modular framework to evaluate smart grid communication protocols (IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-104, MQTT) over mobile networks like LTE-M. Our framework enables comparative analysis of protocol efficiency and cellular network impact through containerized substation emulators, SCADA applications, and network monitoring tools. Experimental results from 450 MHz LTE deployments reveal significant protocol-specific differences in uplink/downlink traffic patterns and radio resource utilization, providing actionable insights for smart grid operators. The framework’s modular design allows evaluation of arbitrary protocol combinations using commercial off-the-shelf hardware and open-source components. Case studies demonstrate how protocol selection affects LTE-M cell capacity, with IEC 104 showing 3× higher uplink resource usage compared to MQTT in typical smart grid scenarios. This work provides utilities with practical guidance for protocol selection and network dimensioning in cellular-connected smart grid deployments.